The language that person use depends on the situation they face. It is affected by some aspect of their daily life such as their education grade and their environment. In one family, we can find the changes of language used by the members in certain situation. For this case, I observed my elder sister family in Sukabumi.
The family consists of four people. My brother in law as the father, age 35. He is a driver of a public transportation in the town. His last education is in Islamic senior high school. He often attends the routine religion study in the mosque in our village. My elder sister as the mother, age 32. Firstly, she is only the housewife, but when I did my observation, she had work as a labor in a factory of shoes in my town for one month. She is graduation from Islamic Junior high school. She is a treasurer of the PKK in my village. Their first son is a first year student of Islamic Elementary school, age 6. He also studies in Religion school and learns to read Qur’an in the mosque near their house.
Their second daughter is age two. She spent most of her time with her grandmother both from father and from mother when the mother goes for work. It is usually from 6.30 am till 3 pm from Monday to Friday, because on Saturday and Monday, she doesn’t work.
This family uses the mixed language of Sunda and Indonesia. This is because their home is located in sundanese village, but they are close enough to Indonesia language. The father once works in Jakarta, so does the mother. The son gets the Indonesia language from school and TV. The daughter is taught by that two languages also.
In sunda language there are grades of language. The first grade is the rude word, then common or average word, and the last is the polite word. For example is the word go. The rude word is ngajangkor, the common word is indit, and the polite word is angkat. There is also a difference of its usage for our selves and for other person. For word eat, if we say I eat, in sunda it said abdi neda. When we say he eats, it becomes anjeunna tuang.
In Indonesia language there is no things like that. So, the usage of Indonesia language is equal between all the members of society, include the members of the family. They use this kind of mixed language for teaching their children to not forgetting sunda language also speak Indonesia well in order to have good communication ability among the larger society in their future.
First, I observed the father. The language that usually used by the driver of public transportation in my town is the rude language. They used to use the mock like “anjrit” (in Indonesia it means dog), because most of them are uneducated. They even do not graduate from elementary school. They also usually speak in high tone voice because of their scream in calling the passenger to use their car. In addition, the emotion of the public transportation driver is so not stabile. It usually happens when they get no passenger, they will speak meaningless till they get the passenger. Because of his education background, the father uses the more polite language than his friends use. He usually speak to the passenger just like speaks to his neighbor. If other driver usually mocks the people if they do not get any passenger, my brother in law usually say “Astaghfirullah” (it means Forgive me, God).
Then, the mother usually speaks using common language with her friends both in her work place and in her organization. Because their education background is same. Most of them finished their education in junior high school too. She speaks the rude word rarely, since she realizes that she is the teacher for their student at home.
The speaking style of the son is the most complicated. He speaks Indonesia language because of school teaching. He speaks in common grade of sunda language because of his parents teaching. He speaks in the rude grade of sunda language because of his playmates. They even make the strange pattern of language used in their own group. They add the syllable ga/gi/gu/go/ge for each syllable of the common language, the vocal alphabet of that additional syllable depends on the vocal of the true word. For example, when they say let’s play marbles. In sunda language it is said hayu urang maen kaleci. Then it becomes hagayugu uguragang magaegen kagalegecigi. It is not known who makes the pattern like that, but the children have the same understanding of that pattern. They said that they do that for fun and sometime, for cheating the adults. As children they have secret as the adults have. They use this pattern when they are playing or when they are talking about something secret between themselves. Adult who heard their conversation usually doesn’t care about it and just let it be continued.
The daughter is still age two. She doesn’t have so much vocabulary to speak. She usually tells what she wants with the limited word and some body language. The parents teach her some words in Indonesia language and common grade of sunda language. When she wants to drink a bottle of milk while lying on the carpet, she says “cucu ibu” and she rolls on the carpet.
When they all gathered in one good situation, they usually speak Indonesia language mixed with common grade of sunda language. For example, when they are going to eat, after the mother prepares everything on the carpet, she calls her husband “Ayah, hayu makan” (Dad, come on eat). Then she scream to the son “A, hayoh makan heula” (elder brother, eat first). “Aa” is the call for elder man in sunda tradition. She called her son with “Aa” to teach her daughter to call her elder brother with that call too. If the mother or father calls the son when no the daughter there, they will say the son name directly. It is for showing the son that they are his parents who have to be respected. Parents have right to call children name, but children have no right to call parents name directly. And the last, she speak to her daughter “Enon maem dulu ya”. Enon is the call for the daughter.
In the certain situation, the father uses the high tone of speaking and sunda language when he speaks to the mother or the children. For example when he is arguing with his wife about their money circulation, he said “ibu mah can bisa ngatur mana nu kudu dipihelakeun mana nu kudu dipanerikeun” (you can’t differentiate yet what has to be prioritized what can be focus on later) with the high tone just like speaks in the beach. The mother usually answers it by saying nothing. Because if she answers her husband at that time, the tone of her husband voice will increase and the debate wouldn’t reach the solution point.
When the son is naughty by not obeying his father or mother order, they usually call his name with high tone and the glare at the son, and also use sunda language. It is because tell people about their mistake or giving them advises, is more touchy by using the mother tongue than other language. The sense is different. They never speak so many useless words. That kind of behavior is enough to tell the son that they are disagree with his attitude or that they angry to the son. As the reaction, the son said nothing. He didn’t say anything in any language as the protest to the parents. He just listen the advice from his parents and then goes to his room and punches his pillow. He did it because actually he angry to his parents for their prohibition, but he doesn’t dare to reply what his parents said because he is taught to always respect parents in his Religion School. Then he expresses his annoy by punching the pillow. But when the son feels really angry to the parents, he once call the name of his parents directly.
This family use this mixed language when there are guests to their home. It is not limited only in their daily activities or their daily conversation. In the public places like park, they still use this mixed language when they talk each other. When the parents meet their friend, they talk to them in sunda language, but when that friends talk to the children, they use Indonesia language. It is because of the teaching of Indonesia language in the public place.
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